Amplitude of ENSO cycles in the Santa Barbara Basin,off California,during the past 15 000 years     

Alexandra J. Nederbragt  Jürgen Thurow 《第四纪科学杂志》2005,20(5):447-456

Varve thickness time series from ODP Site 893 in the Santa Barbara Basin (off California) were analysed to determine variation in the strength of El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycles during the past 15 000 yr. Mean varve thickness and variance changed over time, with thicker varves before ～8000 yr BP indicative of wetter than modern climates. A 100‐yr running standardisation was applied to correct for non‐stationarity. The contribution of ENSO‐scale variability was then estimated as the amplitude of 3–8 year bandpassed data. Results show multidecadal‐ to centennial‐scale modulation of the amplitude. On average, however, the amplitude of ENSO scale variability remained constant throughout the past 15 000 yr. We therefore conclude that, although the expression of ENSO cycles may have changed during the Holocene, there is no indication for a significant change in amplitude of interannual variability. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Thermal and mechanical behaviour of the orogenic middle crust during the syn‐ to late‐orogenic evolution of the Variscan root zone,Bohemian Massif     

B. Petri  P. Štípská  E. Skrzypek  K. Schulmann  M. Corsini  J. Franěk 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2014,32(6):599-626

We combine structural observations, petrological data and ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar ages for a stack of amphibolite facies metasedimentary units that rims high‐P (HP) granulite facies felsic bodies exposed in the southern Bohemian Massif. The partly migmatitic Varied and Monotonous units, and the underlying Kaplice unit, show a continuity of structures that are also observed in the adjacent Blanský les HP granulite body. They all exhibit an earlier NE?SW striking and steeply NW‐dipping foliation (S3), which is transposed into a moderately NW‐dipping foliation (S4). In both the Varied and Monotonous units, the S3 and S4 foliations are characterized by a Sil–Bt–Pl–Kfs–Qtz–Ilm±Grt assemblage, with occurrences of post‐D4 andalusite, cordierite and muscovite. In the Monotonous unit, minute inclusions of garnet, kyanite, sillimanite and biotite are additionally found in plagioclase from a probable leucosome parallel to S3. The Kaplice unit shows rare staurolite and kyanite relicts, a Sil–Ms–Bt–Pl–Qtz±Grt assemblage associated with S3, retrogressed garnet?staurolite aggregates during the development of S4, and post‐D4 andalusite, cordierite and secondary muscovite. Mineral equilibria modelling for representative samples indicates that the Varied unit records conditions higher than ~7 kbar at 725 °C during the transition from S3 to S4, followed by a P?T decrease from ~5.5 kbar/750 °C to ~4.5 kbar/700 °C. The Monotonous unit shows evidence of partial melting in the S3 fabric at P?T above ~8 kbar at 740–830 °C and a subsequent P?T decrease to 4.5–5 kbar/700 °C. The Kaplice unit preserves an initial medium‐P prograde path associated with the development of S3 reaching peak P?T of ~6.5 kbar/640 °C. The subsequent retrograde path records 4.5 kbar/660 °C during the development of S4. ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar geochronology shows that amphibole and biotite ages cluster at c. 340 Ma close to the HP granulite, whereas adjacent metasedimentary rocks preserve c. 340 Ma amphibole ages, but biotite and muscovite ages range between c. 318 and c. 300 Ma. The P?T conditions associated with S3 imply an overturned section of the orogenic middle crust. The shared structural evolution indicates that all mid‐crustal units are involved in the large‐scale folding cored by HP granulites. The retrograde P–T paths associated with S4 are interpreted as a result of a ductile thinning of the orogenic crust at a mid‐crustal level. The ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar ages overlap with U–Pb zircon ages in and around the HP granulite bodies, suggesting a short duration for the ductile thinning event. The post‐ductile thinning late‐orogenic emplacement of the South Bohemian plutonic complex is responsible for a re‐heating of the stacked units, reopening of argon system in mica and a tilting of the S4 foliation to its present‐day orientation.  相似文献   

Confounded by forgotten legacies: Effectively managing watersheds in the contemporary age of unknown unknowns          下载免费PDF全文

Elliott Kellner  Jason A. Hubbart 《水文研究》2017,31(15):2802-2808

Contemporary watershed management practices can reflect oversimplifications of relationships between anthropogenic pressures and resource degradation. Remediation and restoration efforts often focus on recent land use practices as the primary driver of hydrologic regime changes. We present a case study that serves as an example to the scientific and watershed management communities of the lasting influences of historic land use practices and natural physical processes on a stream in the central United States listed as impaired by the federal government. Abnormal spatiotemporal streamflow relationships, determined by means of an experimental watershed study, alerted the authors to possible sink/source behavior in the upper‐watershed. Subsequent research uncovered archival evidence of coal mining, which may provide at least partial explanation. Additional investigation identified hydrologic processes associated with natural landscape evolution, noted by early‐20th‐century researchers, which are considered in the context of the current water quality and flow regime. Despite best‐intended management practices, regulatory agencies, scientists, and local decision makers have not accounted for such practices and processes, instead relying on recent development as the proximate cause of designated impairment. We present argumentation that historic land use (coal mining) and landscape processes comprise cumulative yet unconsidered legacy effects that contribute systemically to the observed hydrologic regime of the watershed. Results hold important implications for contemporary watershed management, and support rethinking the case‐by‐case appropriateness of federal and state water impairment listings, and the achievability of restoration efforts in many developing watersheds.  相似文献   

Phengite geochronology of crystalline schists in the Sakuma–Tenryu district,central Japan     

NGO XUAN THANH  CHITARO GOUZU  TETSUMARU ITAYA 《Island Arc》2011,20(3):401-410

The Sakuma–Tenryu district consists mainly of pelitic and basic schists. Its metamorphic sequence has been divided into two units, the Shirakura and the Sejiri units. We carried out K–Ar analyses of phengite separates and X‐ray diffraction analyses of carbonaceous materials from the pelitic schists of both units. The age–d₀₀₂ relationships show that the ages become older (66–73 Ma) in the Shirakura unit and younger (57–48 Ma) in the latter with increasing metamorphic temperature. The former has a positive relationship observed in the Sanbagawa meta‐Accretionary Complex (meta‐AC) (Sanbagawa metamorphic belt sensu stricto) in central Shikoku and the latter, a negative one in the Shimanto meta‐AC (a subunit of traditional Sanbagawa belt) of the Kanto Mountains. These contrasting age–temperature relationships are due to different tectonic styles relating to the exhumation of the metamorphic sequences. The duration from the peak metamorphism to the closure of the phengite K–Ar system was significantly different between the two metamorphic sequences: longer than 31 my in the Sanbagawa meta‐AC and shorter than 13 my in the Shimanto meta‐AC. The different natures of subducted plate boundaries may cause the different exhumation processes of metamorphic belts.  相似文献   

中国含煤岩系古地理及古环境演化研究进展^*          下载免费PDF全文

邵龙义  徐小涛  王帅  王东东  高迪  王学天  鲁静 《古地理学报》2021,23(1):19-20

随着含煤岩系沉积学从最初的旋回层理论到沉积模式,再到现阶段层序地层学理论的发展,中国学者已经在含煤岩系沉积学研究领域取得了显著的成果。(1)层序地层格架下基于可容空间增加速率与泥炭堆积速率之间平衡关系的厚煤层聚集模式受到重视,层序地层学提供了等时性地层单元,用于中国六大聚煤区等时性层序地层格架下岩相古地理的重建,为预测各聚煤期聚煤中心及富煤带的分布起到指导性作用。随着层序地层学理论的深入研究,煤相及沉积有机相的发育特征、研究方法以及划分方案也取得了新的进展。(2)近年来,煤系共伴生矿产已经成为当今煤地质学研究的热点问题之一,含煤盆地的煤层气、页岩气、天然气水合物、铀矿、三稀矿产、石墨等矿产资源具有重要的经济价值,部分共伴生矿产潜在的价值甚至超过煤炭本身。古地理作为研究煤系矿产资源的先决条件,与之联系密切,为这些矿产的研究和勘探提供极大的帮助。(3)煤作为泥炭地的产物和重要的沉积载体,其中蕴藏着丰富的“深时”古气候信息。以米兰科维奇旋回作为地层时间的“度量”工具,可以通过分析煤中碳的聚集速率,进而分析泥炭地的碳聚集速率、净初级生产力以及大气CO₂的变化趋势;而随着对煤中惰质组成因的重新认识,蕴含在煤中的古野火信息越来越受到重视,基于煤中惰质组的含量对地质历史中古泥炭地野火事件以及大气氧含量的估算也成为古环境研究的新方向。中国聚煤模式及聚煤古地理今后的研究需进一步加强对不同构造背景下含煤盆地的层序地层模式、各聚煤期的聚煤古地理及聚煤规律、有益煤系共伴生矿产的古地理重建、含煤岩系“深时”古气候信息以及大数据驱动下的含煤岩系古地理定量化研究等方面的探索。  相似文献   

Relations quantitatives entre les craies à silex et les formations résiduelles à silex de l’ouest du bassin de Paris     

Benoît Laignel  Florence Quesnel  Robert Meyer  Jean-Jacques Macaire 《Geodinamica Acta》2013,26(4):171-181

Résumé

Depuis plus d’un siècle, l’origine autochtone ou allochtone des formations résiduelles à silex (en abrégé RS : résidus à silex) par rapport aux craies a fait l’objet de multiples discussions. Pour répondre à ce problème, un bilan d’altération entre ces deux formations a été effectué. Il repose sur une connaissance précise des âges des craies-mères des RS et sur des comparaisons granulométrique et chimique entre craie et RS. Ces comparaisons s’appuient sur les quantités de silex contenues dans les craies et les RS, sachant que les silex sont reconnus comme autochtones et que leur degré de dissolution est calculé. Les résultats apportent des informations sur l’évolution crétacée du Bassin anglo-parisien, avec la mise en évidence de la craie du Maastrichtien dans le bassin de Paris et la reconstitution des épaisseurs de craie dissoutes. De plus, ils indiquent que la stratigraphie des craies est conservée dans les profils de RS. Ils montrent également que les silex, éléments autochtones des RS, sont faiblement altérés. Les matrices des RS sont, quant à elles, en grande partie allochtones, notamment dans les dix mètres supérieurs de la formation. L’allochtonie diminue avec la profondeur, avec des RS pouvant être considérés comme des résidus d’altération de la craie au sens strict à partir de 20 mètres de profondeur. © Elsevier, Paris  相似文献   

Ordovician backarc‐basin metadolerite and metabasalt of the South Kitakami Terrane,Northeast Japan          下载免费PDF全文

Takayuki Uchino  Makoto Kawamura 《Island Arc》2016,25(4):274-286

Basement rocks that occur along the northern margin of the South Kitakami Terrane in Japan consist of Ordovician ultramafic rocks (Hayachine ultramafic complex), gneissose amphibolite (Kuromoriyama amphibolite), and mafic rocks (Kagura igneous rocks, KIR). The KIR are composed of metagabbro, metadolerite, metabasalt, and minor felsic–intermediate dikes. Although the KIR contain green hornblende due to metamorphism of greenschist to epidote–amphibolite facies, they rarely retain primary brown hornblende. Approximately 30% of the metabasalt shows porphyritic textures, with phenocrysts of saussuritized plagioclase and/or altered mafic minerals. The geochemistry of the common metadolerite and metabasalt of the KIR shows a tholeiite trend, a low TiO₂ content, and high Th/Nb and Ti/V ratios. The KIR are therefore indicative of a supra‐subduction zone tectonic setting, which implies a backarc origin (as also indicated by discrimination diagrams). Trace element patterns of the KIR resemble those of the backarc‐basin basalt of the Japan and Yamato basins in the Japan Sea. We propose that the KIR formed during backarc spreading from the Ordovician to Early Silurian. This view is supported by the geochemical data, the tectonic setting of the Hayachine ultramafic rocks, and the provenance of clastics within Silurian sedimentary rocks.  相似文献   

Late Holocene record of environmental changes,cyclones and tsunamis in a coastal lake,Mangaia, Cook Islands          下载免费PDF全文

Catherine Chagué‐Goff  Jordan Chi Hang Chan  James Goff  Patricia Gadd 《Island Arc》2016,25(5):333-349

A 4.3 m‐long peat sequence from the shore of Lake Tiriara, Mangaia, Cook Islands, was analyzed using an ITRAX core scanner equipped with a magnetic susceptibility meter. Variations in the elemental profiles, providing insights into long‐ and short‐term environmental changes over the last 3500 years, are supported by grain size data and diatom assemblages. The scattering ratio (Mo Inc/Mo Coh) was evaluated and found to represent a good proxy for organic matter in peat. X‐Ray Fluorescence (XRF) data were processed by principal component analysis that confirmed the distinction of biogenic and detrital phases, organic matter and elements of marine origin. The record preserved in the peat sequence includes a peatland infilling stage followed by alternating drier and wetter periods. A notable steady increase in clay associated with high counts of detrital elements from 2000–1700 cal yr BP is attributed to increased erosion, which is most probably linked with human colonization and/or more intense chemical weathering linked with a wetter climate. Freshwater gastropods (Melanoides sp.), which were possibly introduced by humans, or are native, occupied the wetland during a period of lower water level about 1000–1100 cal yr BP. Short‐term changes in the elemental profiles are often linked with slight coarsening of the inorganic fraction that is, however, only revealed after grain size analysis. Peaks in marine indicators (Br, Cl, S, and/or Ca) associated with marine‐dominated diatom assemblages most probably represent marine incursions through the underground tunnel in the makatea, a fossilized, uplifted coral limestone rim. While none of the marine event units present characteristics typical of cyclone or tsunami deposits, the concurrent or absent peak of detrital elements (Fe, Si, Rb, Ti, K) attributed to increased erosion of the volcanic cone associated with a cyclone is used to distinguish both types of events, as also suggested by principal component analysis.  相似文献   

Zircon U–Pb ages of plutonic rocks in the southern Abukuma Mountains: Implications for Cretaceous geotectonic evolution of the Abukuma Belt          下载免费PDF全文

Yutaka Takahashi  Masumi Mikoshiba  Kazuya Kubo  Hideki Iwano  Tohru Danhara  Takafumi Hirata 《Island Arc》2016,25(2):154-188

Plutonic rocks in the southern Abukuma Mountains include gabbro and diorite, fine‐grained diorite, hornblende–biotite granodiorite (Ishikawa, Samegawa, main part of Miyamoto and Tabito, Kamikimita and Irishiken Plutons), biotite granodiorite (the main part of Hanawa Pluton and the Torisone Pluton), medium‐ to coarse‐grained biotite granodiorite and leucogranite, based on the lithologies and geological relations. Zircon U–Pb ages of gabbroic rocks are 112.4 ±1.0 Ma (hornblende gabbro, Miyamoto Pluton), 109.0 ±1.1 Ma (hornblende gabbro, the Hanawa Pluton), 102.7 ±0.8 Ma (gabbronorite, Tabito Pluton) and 101.0 ±0.6 Ma (fine‐grained diorite). As for the hornblende–biotite granodiorite, zircon U–Pb ages are 104.2 ±0.7 Ma (Ishikawa Pluton), 112.6 ±1.0 Ma (Tabito Pluton), 105.2 ±0.8 Ma (Kamikimita Pluton) and 105.3±0.8 Ma (Irishiken Pluton). Also for the medium‐ to fine‐grained biotite granodiorite, zircon U–Pb ages are 106.5±0.9 Ma (Miyamoto Pluton), 105.1 ±1.0 Ma (Hanawa Pluton) and the medium‐ to coarse‐grained biotite granodiorite has zircon U–Pb age of 104.5 ±0.8 Ma. In the case of the leucogranite, U–Pb age of zircon is 100.6 ±0.9 Ma. These data indicate that the intrusion ages of gabbroic rocks and surrounding granitic rocks ranges from 113 to 101 Ma. Furthermore, K–Ar ages of biotite and or hornblende in the same rock samples were dated. Accordingly, it is clear that these rocks cooled down rapidly to 300 °C (Ar blocking temperature of biotite for K–Ar system) after their intrusion. These chronological data suggest that the Abukuma plutonic rocks in the southern Abukuma Mountains region uplifted rapidly around 107 to 100 Ma after their intrusion.  相似文献   

SHRIMP U–Pb zircon dating of the Kinshozan Quartz Diorite from the Kanto Mountains,Japan: Implications for late Paleozoic granitic activity in Japanese Islands          下载免费PDF全文

Masatsugu Ogasawara  Mayuko Fukuyama  Kenji Horie 《Island Arc》2016,25(1):28-42

The new result of SHRIMP U–Pb zircon dating of the Kinshozan Quartz Diorite from the Kanto Mountains, Japan, provides 281.5 ± 1.8 Ma. The age is 30 m.y. older than the available age of the Kinshozan Quartz Diorite obtained by hornblende K–Ar method. The new U–Pb zircon age represents the time of crystallization of the Kinshozan Quartz Diorite. The hornblende K–Ar age indicates the time that the Kinshozan Quartz Diorite cooled down to 500 °C which is the closure temperature of the systematics. Permian granites are found in small exposures in Japan, and frequently referred to as 250 Ma granites. The Kinshozan Quartz Diorite is considered as a type of the 250 Ma granites, and the age was influential in establishing a model of Paleozoic tectonic evolution for the Japanese Islands. The new age of the Kinshozan Quartz Diorite provides the opportunity to re‐examine the model. The Kinshozan Quartz Diorite and other Permian granites in the south of the Median Tectonic Line of Japan were constituents of the Paleo‐Ryoke Belt. The geochemical characteristics of the granitic rocks in the Paleo‐Ryoke Belt indicated that the granitic rocks were formed in a primitive island arc environment, and the new trace element data also support this interpretation. Examination of the available data and results of the present study suggests the late Paleozoic granitic activity in Japan as follows. At about 310–290 Ma, arc magmatism generated adakitic granites and other granites in the South Kitakami Belt. Quartz diorite and tonalites of primitive characteristic, such as the Kinshozan Quartz Diorite and granites in the Maizuru Belt appear to have been formed at the immature island arc, and accreted to the Japanese Islands at the end of Paleozoic or early Mesozoic era. During 260–240 Ma, granitic activity took place in the Hida and Maizuru Belts as a part of the Asian continent.  相似文献